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The Pen League ((アラビア語:الرابطة القلمية) / ALA-LC: ''al-Rābiṭah al-Qalamiyah''), also known as "''al-Mahjar''", was the first Arab-American literary society, formed initially by Nasib Arida and Abdul Massih Haddad in 1915 or 1916, and subsequently re-formed in 1920 by a group of Arab writers in New York led by Kahlil Gibran, from a group of writers who has been working closely since 1911. The league dissolved following Gibran's death in 1931 and Mikhail Naimy's return to Lebanon in 1932. The primary goals of The Pen League were, in Naimy's words as Secretary, "to lift Arabic literature from the quagmire of stagnation and imitation, and to infuse a new life into its veins so as to make of it an active force in the building up of the Arab nations",〔, qtd. by Nadeem Naimy in ''The Lebanese Prophets of New York'', American University of Beirut, 1985, p. 18.〕 and to promote a new generation of Arab writers. As Naimy expressed in the by-laws he drew up for the group: The tendency to keep our language and literature within the narrow bounds of aping the ancients in form and substance is a most pernicious tendency; if left unopposed, it will soon lead to decay and disintegration... To imitate them is a deadly shame... We must be true to ourselves if we would be true to our ancestors.〔, qtd. by Nadeem Naimy in ''The Lebanese Prophets of New York'', American University of Beirut, 1985, pp. 18-18.〕 Literary historian Nadeem Naimy assesses the group's importance as having shifted the criteria of aesthetic merit in Arabic literature: Focusing on Man rather than on language, on the human rather than on the law and on the spirit rather than on the letter, the ''Mahjar'' (Arab emigrant) School is said to have ushered Arabic literature from its age old classicism into the modern era. Musicians such as Russell Bunai were also associated with the group. ==Members== *Nasib Arida *Raschid Ayoub (or Ayyūb) *Wadi Bahout *William Catzeflis (or Katsiflis) *Kahlil Gibran (President) *Abdul Massih Haddad *Nudra Haddad *Elia Abu Madi *Mikhail Naimy (Secretary) *Ameen Rihani 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Pen League」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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